پژوهش‌های مکانیک ماشینهای کشاورزی

پژوهش‌های مکانیک ماشینهای کشاورزی

ارزیابی فنی و اقتصادی روش‌های خشکه‌کاری برنج در استان خوزستان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اهواز، ایران.
2 بخش مکانیزاسیون و ماشین‌های کشاورزی، موسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران
چکیده
یکی از روش‌های کاهش مصرف آب در تولید برنج در برخی از مناطق، کاشت مستقیم بذر در زمین اصلی (خشکه‌کاری) است. این تحقیق برای مقایسه خشکه‌کاری برنج با روش مرسوم و انتخاب روش مناسب خشکه‌کاری برنج در استان خوزستان انجام شد. به این منظور چهار ‏روش کاشت شامل، کاشت بذر در بستر مسطح با خطی‌کار غلات، کاشت بذر روی پشته با کارنده جوی و پشته‌کار غلات، کپه‌کاری بذر روی پشته، و کاشت نشایی مرسوم + آبیاری غرقابی دائم (شاهد) از نظر شاخص‌های زراعی، فنی، اقتصادی و حجم آب آبیاری در آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های یک‌بار خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار مقایسه شدند. در هر روش کاشت نیز سه رقم چمپا، عنبوری و هوازی کاشت شد.. نتایج شاخص‌های فنی نشان داد که زمان مورد نیاز برای گلخرابی در روش شاهد و تهیه بستر بذر در روش‌های کشت مسطح، کشت روی پشته و کپه‌کاری، به ترتیب 9/256،‏20/1‏‎، ‏68/1 و ‏37/1‏ ساعت بر هکتار بود. از نظر شاخص‌های زراعی بین ارقام و روش‌های کاشت تفاوت معنی‌دار وجود نداشت. حجم آب آبیاری در روش مرسوم نشاکاری با آبیاری غرقابی دائم 35221 مترمکعب بر هکتار بود، در حالی که این شاخص در روش‌های خشکه‌کاری با دور آبیاری متناوب چهار روز در میان، نسبت به شاهد به ترتیب ‏34، 49 و 49 درصد کاهش یافت. بهره‌وری آب نیز برای نشاکاری مرسوم با آبیاری غرقابی دائم10/0 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب و برای تیمارهای خشکه‌کاری با آبیاری متناوب، به ترتیب به 15/0، 23/0 و20/0 کیلوگرم بر مترمکعب به دست آمد. مقایسه اقتصادی روش‌های مختلف کاشت نیز نشان داد که برای تولید برنج در خوزستان، استفاده از رقم هوازی با روش کاشت خشکه‏کاری کپه‏ای روی پشته، به دلیل ایجاد بیش‌ترین درآمد خالص به مبلغ 19642981 تومان بر هکتار (4/9 برابر روش نشاکاری مرسوم)، بیش‌ترین نسبت درآمد به هزینه به میزان 62/2 و کم‌ترین حجم آب آبیاری به میزان 17800 مترمکعب بر هکتار (50 درصد کم‌تر از شاهد)، بهترین گزینه است.
کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


Abbasi, F., Naseri, A., Sohrab, F. Baghani, J. Abbasi, N. & Akbari, M. (2015). Water productivity improvement. Final Research Report. Agricultural engineering Research institute, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization. 68 p. (In Persian).
Ali, R. I., Awan, T. H., Manzoor, Z., Ashraf, M. M., Safdar, M. E. & Ahmad, M. (2007). Screening of rice varieties suitable for direct seeding in Punjab. J. Anim. Pl. Sci. 17(1-2), 24-26.
Asadi, H. & Zamanian, M. (2007). Economic evaluation of date and rate of seeding of Iranian clover in mechanized and traditional planting methods. Journal of Research and Construction in Agriculture and Horticulture, 74, 47-55. (in Persian).
Balasubramanian, V. & Hill, J. E., (2002). Direct seeding of rice in Asia: emerging issues and strategic research needs for the 21st century. In: Pandey, S., Mortimer, M., Wade, L., Tuong, T.P., Lopez, K., Hardy, B. (Eds.), Direct Seeding: Research Strategies and Opportunities. International Rice Research Institute. Los Banos. Philippines. pp.15–42.
Bhushan, L., Ladha, J. K., Gupta, R. K., Singh, S., Tirol-Padre, A., Saharawat, Y. S., Gathala, M. & Pathak, H. (2007). Saving of water and labor in a rice–wheat system with no-tillage and direct seeding technologies. Agronomy Journal, 99, 1288–1296.
Bouaziz, A. & H. Chekli. (1999). Wheat yield and water use as affected by micro-basins and weed control on the sloping lands of Morocco. J. Crop Prod,. 2, 335–351.
Chauhan, B. S. (2012). Weed ecology and weed management strategies for dry-seeded rice in Asia.Weed Technology., 26, 1–13.
Chidzi, A. (2000). Research in farm management for developing of small farmers. First edition. Azad Islamic University publications. Garmsar unit. (in Persian).
Dehghan, E. & Almasi, M. (2004). Evaluation of effect of different tillage methods on energy consumption, yield and yield component in direct seeding rice varieties in Khuzestan. Master of Agriculture Masters Thesis. Mechanization. Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran. 132 p. (in Persian).
Dehghan, E. Sheikh Davudi, M. J., Zaki Dizaji, H. & Gilani, A. A. (2016). Manufacturing and evaluating of rice seed-meter mechanism for direct hill planting. PhD thesis of Agriculture Mechanization. Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran. 146 p. (in Persian).
Ehsanullah, A. N., Jabran, K. & Habib, T. (2007). Comparison of different planting methods for optimization of plant population of rice in Punjab. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 44, pp. 597-99.
Fahong, W., Xuqing, W. & Sayre, K. D. (2004). Comparison of conventional, flood irrigated, flat planting with furrow irrigated, raised bed planting for winter wheat in China. Field Crops Research, 87, 35–42.
FAO. (2010). AQUASTAT – FAO’s global information system on water and agriculture, FAO, http://www.fao.org/nr/aquastat, Rome, Italy.
Farooq M., Kadambot H. Siddique, M., Rehman, H., Aziz, T., Lee, D. J. & Wahid, A. (2011). Rice direct seeding: Experiences, challenges and opportunities. Soil & Tillage Research, 111, 87-98.
Farooq, M., Basra, S. M. A. & Wahid, A. (2006). Priming of field-sown rice seed enhances germination, seedling establishment, allometry and yield. Plant Growth Regulation, 49, 285–294.
Feiz Bakhsh, M. T. & Pahlevan Rad, M. R. (2020). Evaluation of planting date and humic acid effects on yield and yield components of direct seeded rice. Final report of the Research Project. Rice Research Institute of Iran. 21 p. (in Persian).
Gao, X. P., Zou, C. Q., Fan, X. Y., Zhang, F. S. & Hoffland, E. (2006). From flooded to aerobic conditions in rice cultivation: consequences for zinc uptake. Plant Soil, 280, 41-47.
Gilani, A. A. & Absalan, S. (2015). Comparison of direct seeding with common methods of rice cultivation in terms of water consumption. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Khuzestan Agriculture and Natural Resource Research and Education Center. 22 p. (in Persian).
Gilani, A. A. & Kariminejhad, J. (2008). Rice direct seeding. Extension Report, Khuzestan Agricultural Jihad Extension Management. No. 198, 29 p. (in Persian).
Gilani, A. A. (2006) (1). Comparison of two seed drills with different seeding rate in rice direct seedind. National Research Program, National Research Council. No. 841411, 25 p. (in Persian).
Gilani, A. A. (2006). Investigating new rice varieties in the testing of advanced preliminary performance in Khuzestan province. Final Project report, National Research Program, National Research Council. No. 841414, 19 p. (in Persian).
Habib Asl, J. & Dehghan. E. (2012). Evaluation of technical and yield parameters of wheat seeding methods with different seeding rates in south Khuzestan. Journal of Aricultural Machinery Engineering. 1(2), 46-57. (In Persian).
Habibi Asl, J., Loveimi, N. & Gilani, A. A. (2009). Investigating and comparing three mechanized direct seeding methods of different rice varieties in Khuzestan. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 10(1), 81-96. (in Persian).
Hoseini Monfared, R., Safarpur Shurbakhanlu, M., Moradi, M. & Negahdari, M. 2012. Comparing of rice transplanting with different direct seeding methods. First National Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Healthy Environment. Azad Islamic university of Hamadan. March 2012. Hamadan, Iran. (in Persian).
Jehangir, W. A., Masih, I., Ahmed, S., Gill, M. A., Ahmad, M., Mann, R. A., Chaudhary, M. R. & Turral, H. (2005). Sustaining crop water productivity in rice–wheat systems of South Asia: a case study from Punjab Pakistan. In: Draft Working Paper, International. Water Managment Institute. Lahore. Pakistan.
John, I., Mathew, G. & Mathew, J. (2002). Comparison between transplanting and direct seeding methods for crop establishment in rice. Journal of tropical agriculture. 40, 65-66.
Karayel, D. & Ozmerzi, A. (2004). Effect of Forward Speed on Hill Dropping Uniformity of a Precision Vacuum Seeder. HartTechnology, 14(3), 364-367.
Karbalayi, M.T., Aghebat, S., Rahim Pur, A. & Hoseinian, S. (2006). Evaluation of direct seeding (in both dry and wet bed) of rice varieties and compared with transplanting method in Mazandaran province. The 9th Congress of Agriculture and Plant breeding, Karaj, Institute of Research for Seed and plant breeding. (In Persian).
Khan, A. U. & El-Sahrigi, A. F. (1990). Selective mechanization of rice farming system in tropical Asia. Agricultural Engineering, 14(3,4), 40-52.
Kiani, A. & Razaghi, M. H. (2019). The effectiveness of direct rice cultivation on water yield and efficiency in Golestan province paddy fields. Technical Report, Agricultural Information and Notices Technology Center. (in Persian).
Kiani, A. & Yazdani, M. R. (2021). Investigating of rice direct seeding and transplanting methods on water consumption in different irrigation methods in Golestan province. Final Research Project Report. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Agricultural Engineering Research Institute. No. 60275, 47 p. (in Persian).
Kirk, G.J.D. & Bajita, J.B. (1995). Root induced iron oxidation, pH changes and zinc solubilization in the rhizosphere of lowland rice. New Phytol, 131, 129–137.
Lak, SH., Gohari, M., Khayat, M. V. & Soltanzadeh, M. (2009). Effect of number of seeds per hill in direct seeding of rice on reservoir restraint and rice varieties yield in Khuzestan province. National Conference on Water, Soil, Plants and Agricultural Mechanization. March 2009, Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran. (In Persian).
Limon-Ortega, A., Sayre, K. D. & Francis, C. A. (2000). Wheat nitrogen use efficiency in a bed-planting system in northwest Mexico. Agron. J., 92, 303–308.
Mahajan, G., Chauhan, B. S. & Gill, M. S. (2013). Dry-seeded rice culture in Punjab State of India: Lessons learned from farmers. Field Crops Research, 144, 89-99.
Management and planning organization of Khuzestan province (MPO-Kh). (2019). Khuzestan province land survey document. Khuzestan Governorate, Ahwaz, Iran. (In Persian).
McDonald, M. B. (1998). Seed quality assessment. Seed Science Research, 8, 265–275.
Nasseri, A., Abbasi, F. & Akbari, M. (2017). Estimating Agricultural Water Consumption by Analyzing Water Balance. Irrigation and Drainage Structures Engineering Research, 18(68), 17-32. (In Persian).
Norwood, C.A. & T.J. Dumler. (2002). Transition to dryland agriculture: limited irrigation vs. dryland corn. Agron. J., 94, 310–320.
Pandey, S. & Velasco, L. (2005). Trends in crop establishment methods in Asia and research issues. In: Rice is Life: Scientific Perspectives for the 21st Century, Proceedings of the World Rice Research Conference. 4–7 November 2004, Tsukuba, Japan. pp. 178–181.
Ramazani, A. & Mahloji, M. (2023). Effects of irrigation management on yield and water productivity of rice in different planting methods. Journal of Crop Science Research in Arid Regions, 5(1), 241-251. (In Persian).
Sayre, K.D. & Moreno Ramos, O.H. (1997). Applications of raised bed-planting system to wheat. Wheat Program Special Report, CIMMYT, Mexico.
Singh, Y., Singh, G., Johnson, D. & Mortimer, M. (2005). Changing from transplanted rice to direct seeding in the rice–wheat cropping system in India. In: Rice is Life: Scientific Perspectives for the 21st Century. Tsukuba. Japan: Proceedings of the World Rice Research Conference. 4–7 November 2004. pp. 198–201.
Tavakoli, A. (2011). Evaluation of one pass irrigation management economic productivity index for two varieties of dry wheat (case study: Maragheh). Journal of Water and Irrigation Management, 1(2), 17-29. (In Persian).
Thakur, A. K., Roychowdury, S., Kudnu, D.K. & Singh, R. (2004). Evaluation of planting methods in irrigated rice. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 50, 631–640.
Unger, P. W. & Howell, T. A. (1999). Agricultural water conservation—a global perspective. J. Crop Prod., 2, 1–36.
Wu, Y., He, P. X., Shui, G. C., Xun, S. J., Liang, S. & Gen, K.W. (2008). A study on suitable sowing date and sowing rate of a new late japonica hybrid rice combination Bayou 52 in no-tillage and direct seeding cultivation. Hybrid Rice, 23, 48–50.
Xiao-rong, L.U., Xiao-lian, L.U. & Wen-tao, R. (2010). Experimental Study on Working Performance of Rice Rope Direct Seeding Machine. Agricultural Sciences in China, 9(2), 275-279.
Xuemei S., Shiyao, X., Yan, H. & Yuanyuan, S. (2020). Comparative Study on Different Planting Patterns in Coldterra Japonica Rice Irrigated Areas. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 615 (2020) 012005.
Yan, R., Jia, C. & Zhang, Z. (2015). Experiment Study of Water Consumption Regularity and Water Use Efficiency of Rice in Black Soil and Chernozem. Water Saving Irrigation, 11, 37-43.